42
WEIGHING UP THE COSTS, BENEFITS AND TRADE-OFFS
Each of the clean cooking solutions discussed offers a mix of benefits, risks and trade-offs in terms of public health outcomes, environmental impact, emission reductions, costs, affordability (in terms of initial outlay and long-term fuel costs) and other direct benefits for consumers. Many of the advantages are inherently dif- ficult to measure. For governments there are also considerations around the fiscal burden (particularly when subsidies are involved) and long-term energy security.
BOX 8: WEIGHING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF FUEL TYPES
SEforAll supported the development of the Mala- wi Integrated Energy Plan to examine the trade-offs of different fuel types. The integrated plan provides
real-time assessment of the energy value, emis- sions, fuel and stove price and household air pol- lution exposure to help weigh costs and benefits. 92
FUEL PRICE
FUEL PARAMETERS
FUEL
PRICE ($/unit)
UNIT
FUEL
ENERGY VALUE (MJ/kg)
PM 2.5 (g/kg_fuel)
EMISSIONS FACTOR (k_CO 2 /kg_fuel)
Firewood
Firewood
0.046 kg
18.41
7.1
1.775
Charcoal
Charcoal
0.738 kg
31.98
19.7
3.662
Briquette/Pellet
Briquette/Pellet
0.42
kg
16.75
17.3
2.409
Biogas
Biogas
0.74
kg
22.65
0.1
1.476
Bioethanol
Bioethanol
0.905 kg
22.80
0.1
1.943
LPG
LPG
0.63
kg
31.98
0.1
3.242
Electric
Electric
0.064 kWh
N/A
0.0
0.064
92 SEforALL (2023) Malawi Integrated Energy Plan, https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2023-04/ Malawi%20IEP%20-%20Electrification%20Report_FINAL_compressed.pdf 93 International Energy Agency (2023) A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All, World Energy Outlook Special Report, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-vision-for-clean-cooking-access-for-all
AN OPEC FUND KNOWLEDGE SERIES REPORT 2024
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