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TABLE 4: Types of Clean Cooking Solutions
TECHNOLOGY - FUEL TYPE
OPPORTUNITIES
LIMITATIONS
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
• No household pollution • Lower GHG emissions than biomass or coal • Can be readily distributed once supply chains are established • Widely considered a good transitional fuel • No household pollution • If generated from renewable sources, low GHG emissions • Very efficient with appliances such as electric pressure cookers • No household pollution • Generated from renewable sources • Biogas production can contribute to waste management strategies • Produces fertilizer as a by-product
• LPG is a finite, fossil fuel resource • It contributes to climate change • There is reluctance to allocate public funding to non-renewable resources
Electric cooking
• Electric cooking often depends on reliable and accessible grid or off-grid electricity infrastructure • More expensive in remote and rural areas • High upfront investment cost • Biogas systems need additional water to work • Requires a continuous supply of suitable feedstock, seasonal variation in availability • Large-scale cultivation of ethanol feedstock can have environmental and social costs
Biogas
Bioethanol
• No household pollution • Efficient • Affordable in context with
appropriate supply ecosystems • Can be produced from a variety of feedstocks • Can be renewable • Low manufacturing costs • Suitable for rural and remote areas • Widely available in most contexts • More efficient than three-stone fires • Advanced commercial models meet many of the international quality standards • A potential transitional step towards cleaner alternatives
• Ethanol requires production and dedicated supply chain infrastructures
Improved biomass cookstoves (ICS)
• Many ICS fall below international clean cooking standards • Dependent on biomass fuel sources, many of which are unsustainably collected and cause environmental degradation • As most biomass is non-renewably collected, contributes to climate change
AN OPEC FUND KNOWLEDGE SERIES REPORT 2024
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