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The clean cooking agenda encompasses a range of potential routes to clean – or cleaner – cooking. Each offers a different combination of benefits, with regard to health risks, environmental impact and emissions reductions, and over different timeframes. Each also offers trade-offs when it comes to overcoming barriers to the uptake of clean cooking, including upfront and long-term costs. This section introduces the main options to deliver clean cooking outcomes and discusses lessons learned about their advantages and disadvantages. It is widely accepted that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to clean cooking. Most countries will need to invest in multiple clean cooking solutions. The optimal combination of solutions needs to be carefully considered, based on an understanding of local conditions and the relative importance attached by policy-makers to different out- comes and risks. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) LPG is one of the most widely-used cooking fuels in the world, both in developed and developing countries. The IEA calculates that most progress in expanding ac- cess to clean cooking in recent years has been driven by the large-scale uptake of LPG, accounting for around 70 percent of those who gained access over the last decade. This large uptake has been concentrated in middle-income countries such as India, Indonesia and China. 52 LPG is a naturally occurring by-product of oil refining and natural gas extraction. It consists of a variable blend of propane and butane that can be stored in pres- surized containers. Because of its portability, LPG can be readily distributed, even in rural areas, once supply chains have been established to refill gas canisters. 53 Unlike other clean cooking solutions such as electricity and piped natural gas it does not require major investment in infrastructure – although, unlike electricity, the investment does not support other end uses than cooking. 54 LPG cookstoves are clean at point of use and simple to cook with. When compared to biomass, LPG significantly reduces the time spent by women and girls in collect- ing and processing fuel, tending fires, cooking food and cleaning up after cooking. The easy adjustment of the cooking flame enables instant and controllable heat,
People who gained access to clean cooking driven by large- scale uptake
of LPG: 70 %
52 International Energy Agency (2023) A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All, World Energy Outlook Special Report, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/212dda1e-63ec-4f42-a530-f2ef3da74fdf/ AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf 53 Puzzolo, H., et al (2019) Supply Considerations for Scaling Up Clean Cooking Fuels for Household Energy in Low-and Middle-Income Countries, Volume 3, issue 12, Review Article, Advancing Earth and Space Sciences, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GH000208#gh2133-bib-0096. 54 Floess, E, et al. (2023) ‘Scaling up gas and electric cooking in low-and middle-income countries: climate threat or mitigation strategy with co-benefits?’ Environmental Research Letters 1 volume 8, issue 3: 034010, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/acb501
3. CLEAN COOKING SOLUTIONS
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