THE BIG PICTURE
Evolution of development
paradigms 1975–2025
Main personalities and organizations
Key outcomes and long-term impacts
1970s–1980s
UNCTAD, World Bank (McNamara era), UN agencies
Push for a New International Economic Order (1974), call for redistribution, trade fairness Brandt Report (1980) calls for rich–poor cooperation and major financial transfers Market liberalization, reduction of fiscal deficits, privatization, debt relief programs begin
• Industrialization • Import substitution • Structural adjustment
Willy Brandt & the Brandt Commission, UNDP
IMF, World Bank, economists such as John Williamson
1990s
World Bank, IMF, USAID, OECD
Rise of Washington Consensus across Latin America, Africa and transition economies
• Market liberalization • Globalization • Poverty reduction
World Bank (Wolfensohn’s Comprehensive Development Framework), UNDP (Human Development Reports)
East Asian Miracle (1993), Human Development Index introduced
UN, World Bank, OECD
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted (2000–2015)
OECD-DAC, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness
Donors align behind ownership, harmonization and accountability
2000s
IMF, G20, World Bank
Reassessment of liberalization, focus on resilience and social protection
• Millennium Development Goals • Debt relief • Rise of emerging markets
G20 Development Working Group, BRICS, World Bank (Jim Yong Kim)
Infrastructure, health, governance, new donors and funds
UN, IMF, OECD, World Bank, civil society
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted (2015–2030)
UNFCCC, IPCC, Green Climate Fund, World Bank
Paris Agreement (2015), climate finance mainstreamed
2010s–2020s
IMF, WHO, World Bank, COVAX, G20
Major setback to SDG progress, rise in poverty and inequality
• Sustainable Development Goals • Climate resilience • Digital economy
IMF (Kristalina Georgieva), World Bank (Ajay Banga), UNDP, AfDB
Record-high ODA (US$223.7 billion in 2023), focus on sustainability and green transition
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