OPEC Fund Quarterly - 2025 Q3

COVER STORY

system to detect climate pressure points before they arrive. The 26 teams of experts assembled within the program will work on a variety of projects which include using drones to better collect data on Arctic ice, deploying wind- propelled robots to monitor the ocean atmosphere and connecting subsea sensors with satellites to develop an automated data collection system that doesn’t require human intervention. The point of many of these projects is to have as many eyes on as many things as possible, so if something starts to shift in, say, an ice sheet or an atmospheric reading, you can be ready to counter it. A quarter-century after his breakout book, Gladwell published a follow up that looked at topics like COVID-19, the opioid crisis and social engineering. His Revenge of the Tipping Point from 2024 revisits many of its predecessor’s concepts that could easily be applied to the challenges surrounding climate tipping points: “If change happened gradually, you could see that you were getting closer and closer to your goal – and you wouldn’t be surprised when you reached it,” Gladwell writes. “But if nothing happens and then everything happens, you are in the strange position of being discouraged during the long stretch when nothing is happening and stunned at the point when it all shifts.”

Illustration: twelvee_id/Shutterstock

temperature has been reached decades ago while the latter temperature might never be reached. No one doubts that protecting the ice sheet from melting is essential, but so is knowing if it is too late to do anything about it.

The UK’s Advanced Research and Innovation Agency, which funds research and development across a range of areas, is working on a £81 million program Forecasting Tipping Points, which aims to develop an early warning

Regional tipping elements – the impact of exceeding the 1.5°C target

Arctic winter sea ice: Collapse

Barents Sea ice: Abrupt loss

Boreal permafrost: Collapse

Boreal permafrost: Abrupt thaw

Boreal forest: Southern dieback

Boreal forest: Northern expansion

Sahel/West African monsoon: Greening

Greenland ice sheet: Collapse

Low latitude coral reefs: Die-off

Labrador Sea/sub- polar gyre: Collapse

Global warming thresholds

Amazon rainforest: Dieback

< 2°C 2–4°C > 4°C

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: Collapse

Mountain glaciers: Loss

West Antarctic ice sheet: Collapse

East Antarctic ice sheet: Collapse

East Antarctic subglacial basins: Collapse

Source: Science , Vol 377, Issue 6611, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7950

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